新冠肺炎﹙COVID-19﹚簡介
專業推薦:COVID-19(Coronavirus Disease-2019)是由一個具有高度傳染力的新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)所引起。傳染途徑包含飛沫,直接與間接接觸。因為可能造成嚴重併發症,醫師需要對COVID-19有相當程度的了解。詳細資訊請參考衛生福利部疾病管制署或是Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 網頁。
- COVID-19 是由一種新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)所引起。
- 臨床表現從無症狀到嚴重甚至致命的併發症(如肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫等)。
- 傳播途徑包含飛沫、直接與間接接觸。
- 牙科治療容易產生飛沫,因此是屬於高傳染風險的職業之一。
內容說明:
- COVID-19 是由一種新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2所引起。
- 這個疾病最早在2019年12月於中國湖北武漢市發現。
- 世界衛生組織(WHO)於2020年公布此為一公共衛生緊急事件。
- 臨床表現從無症狀到嚴重,甚至致命的併發症(如肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫等)。
- 潛伏期為2至14天不等。
- 臨床表現包含發燒、乾咳、嗅覺或味覺喪失(或異常)、倦怠、約1/3有呼吸急促症狀。
- 其他症狀包括肌肉痛、頭痛、喉嚨痛、腹瀉等。
- 兒童常見臨床症狀與成人類似,最常見為咳嗽和發燒。症狀通常較輕微(可能僅出現上呼吸道症狀或是單純腸胃道症狀),甚至是無症狀,其無症狀比例也高於成人,不過部分兒童和青少年可能會發展出小兒多系統發炎症候群(Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, 簡稱MIS-C)。
- 部分個案會出現口腔臨床症狀,大多為口乾與口瘡性病變(Aphthous lesions)有關。在兒童青少年患有小兒多系統發炎症候群的病患,可能合併出現的口腔臨床症狀為嘴唇紅腫與草莓舌。
- 年紀較大或是合併有系統性疾病的人較有可能會產生嚴重併發症。
- 此疾病也會影響其他器官而造成各種不同的症狀。
- 影像學上視病況嚴重度可看到肺部浸潤的跡象。
- 目前已知COVID-19的主要傳播途徑及特性。
- 藉由空氣吸入帶有病毒的飛沫。
- 口、眼、鼻黏膜直接被噴到帶有病毒的飛沫或水珠(如咳嗽、打噴嚏等)。
- 間接接觸到受病毒污染的表面,再接觸到黏膜而受到感染。
- 無症狀或是有症狀患者皆可能傳播病毒。
- 吸入性傳染主要在近距離(六英呎=1.8公尺)內藉由飛沫傳染發生。
- 超過六英呎(1.8公尺)距離的傳染仍然可能發生,增加風險的因子:
‧通風狀況不良(空氣不流通)的密閉空間。
‧呼吸頻率的增加(如運動、歌唱等)。
‧停留在上述環境持續超過15分鐘。 - 在新型冠狀病確診者待過的室內空間,72小時之後在同樣空間藉由接觸環境表面而感染的風險已經下降99%。
- 新型冠狀病毒也可能存在於唾液、糞便、血液、眼淚和精液中,但是傳染機制尚未完全被驗證。
- 牙科的治療容易產生飛沫,因此是屬於高傳染風險的職業之一。
- 牙科的工具容易產生帶有水、唾液、血液、微生物的飛沫。
- 牙科治療所產生的飛沫容易停留在診間周遭環境的表面,增加感染風險。
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